4-14 wed and 4-15 thr

 4-14 wed   and 4-15 thr 

35-2 Nelson Mandela ANC 1994 South African election fight against apartheid Mr. MacDonald video 5 min

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A Brief Explanation of the Nigerian Civil War (Biafra War) | African Biographics 12 min 

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Nelson Mandela: From Prison To President (Apartheid Documentary) | Our Life 50min 

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 Terms and Names

 federal system System in which power is shared between state governments and a central authority 

martial law Military rule

 dissident Person against government policy

 apartheid Strict separation of blacks and whites

 Nelson Mandela Leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned

 Before You Read In the last section, you read about challenges to democracy in South America and Mexico. In this section, you will read about struggles for democracy in Africa. As You Read Use a Venn diagram to compare political events in Nigeria and South Africa.

The Challenge of Democracy in Africa COLONIAL RULE LIMITS DEMOCRACY (Page 606) What problems did colonial rule create? African nations have had a hard time setting up democratic governments because of the effects of colonial rule. European powers made borders in Africa that paid no attention to ethnic groupings. They put people who disliked each other in the same area. This practice caused conflict. Also, the European nations never built up the economies of their colonies. Most of the colonies lacked a middle class or skilled workers. Both are needed for a strong democracy. When Britain and France gave their African colonies independence, they gave them democratic governments. But problems soon arose between rival groups

. 1. Name three things that have slowed democracy in Africa. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 

CIVIL WAR IN NIGERIA; NIGERIA’S NATION-BUILDING (Pages 607–609) What happened after Nigeria gained independence? In 1960, Nigeria became independent from Britain. It adopted a federal system. In a federal system, power is shared between state governments and a central authority. But conflict broke out in just a few years. The people of one ethnic group—the Igbo—tried to break away from Nigeria in 1967. The Igbo lost in a three-year civil war. A period of martial law, or military rule, followed the war. In 1979 Nigeria got an elected government. Some army officers said the government was corrupt, The officers overthrew the government in 1983. Once in power, they treated the people from other ethnic groups harshly. They jailed dissidents, opponents of government policy. The military rulers allowed elections in 1993. But they did not accept the results of the elections and continued to rule the land.

 2. What happened after Nigeria’s civil war? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 

SOUTH AFRICA UNDER APARTHEID (Page 609) What was apartheid? In South Africa, the conflict was between races. A white minority ruled a black majority. In 1948, the whites put in place a policy called apartheid—the strict separation of blacks and whites. Black South Africans were denied many basic rights. Some joined together in a group called the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights. The white government cracked down on the ANC. They put many ANC leaders in prison. Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC, was one of the people imprisoned. 

3. Why was the African National Congress formed? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 

STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY (Pages 610–611) How did apartheid end? By the late 1980s, several riots had taken place. Blacks angrily struck back against apartheid. People in other nations also opposed apartheid. They boycotted, or would not buy, goods produced in South Africa. They hoped the boycott would persuade the South African government to end apartheid. In 1990, President F. W. de Klerk took that step. He made the ANC legal and released ANC leader Nelson Mandela from prison. The South African parliament passed a law ending apartheid. In April 1994, all South Africans—even blacks— were able to vote in an election for a new leader. The ANC and Mandela won easily. In 1996, the new government approved a new constitution. It gave equal rights to all South Africans. 

4. Why did F. W. de Klerk end apartheid? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________