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Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31
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War and Nation Building in Latin America: Crash Course World History 225
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Read the section and list 5 facts
Section 43
Simon Bolivar Gains
Independence for
South America
In 1810, young Venezuelan
creole, Simon Bolivar grew
inspired by recent revolutions and books of Enlightenment. In 1811, Bolivar
set out to gain independence for Venezuela. Losing many early battles, Bolivar
sought refuge in Haiti before returning to Venezuela and continuing his efforts to
break Spanish control of South America. In 1819, Bolivar and his creole army
marched over the northern Andes mountains and surprised the Spanish-Penin- sular army in Bogota Columbia. Soon Bolivar’s creole army had defeated the
Spanish in almost every capital of Latin
America from Venezuela down to Chile!
Joining forces with Argentine
Creole General San Martin, Bolivar
gained Independence for just about every
country in South America. Simon Bolivar
is often called the Liberator. His courage
and enlightened philosophy is credited with Latin
American Independence today.
In the Spanish colony of Mexico, mestizo Padre
Hidalgo announced “El Grito de Dolores” for Mexican Independence.
Followed later by Jose Morelos, Mexico achieved independence from Spain in
1821; the same year as Venezuela and other Latin American nations.
Independent Latin America is a diverse continent. Rain forests in the east and
mountains in the west serve as geographic barriers that inhibit attempts at uniting
the continent. Most people remain Catholic accepting the spiritual leadership of
the Pope in Rome. In Commerce and Government, creoles hold the real power
in Latin America.
By the 1800s, Most Latin American countries were eventually ruled by
caudillos. These were strong military Generals. They gave generously to the
army that kept them in power. Most people of Latin America went on farming
the sugar, coffee, tobacco etc. Their lives were tough and short. Over the years,
many Latin nations have fallen into terrible debt. Caudillos often took out loans
from European banks to build roads and bridges. Interest rates were so high.
They took centuries to pay back.
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Simon Bolivar
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San Martin
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Padre Hidalgo
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Latin American Independence
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In most Latin American countries, creoles led the revolutionary movements. But in
Mexico, ethnic and racial groups mixed more freely. There, Indians and mestizos
played the leading role.
A Cry for Freedom In 1810, Padre Mi guel Hidalg o (mee*GEHL ee*THAHL*goh),
a priest in the small village of Dolores, took the first step toward independence.
Hidalgo was a poor but well-educated man. He firmly believed in Enlightenment
ideals. On September 16, 1810, he rang the bells of his village church. When the
peasants gathered in the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish.
Today, that call is known as the grito de Dolores (the cry of Dolores).
The very next day, Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers began a march toward
Mexico City. This unruly army soon numbered 80,000 men. The uprising of
the lower classes alarmed the Spanish army and creoles, who feared the loss of their
property, control of the land, and their lives. The army defeated Hidalgo in 181 1. The
rebels then rallied around another strong leader, Padre Jose Maria Morelos
(moh # RAY*lohs). Morelos led the revolution for four years. However, in 1815, a cre-
ole officer, Agustin de Iturbide (ah*goos*TEEN day ee*toor*BEE*day), defeated him.
Mexico's Independence Events in Mexico took yet another turn in 1820 when a
revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there. Mexico’s creoles feared the
loss of their privileges in the Spanish-controlled colony. So they united in support
of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Ironically, Agustin de Iturbide — the man
who had defeated the rebel Padre Morelos — proclaimed independence in 1821.
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