10-5, 10-6 Monday Tue
Latin American Revolutionary leaders
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Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30
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Latin American Revolution section 42
and Independence
Latin America is
everything from Mexico
down. Got it? These
countries of Central America,
the Caribbean and South America were mostly
colonies of the old Spanish Empire. Latin America
had a social hierarchy. Peninsulars were on top as they
were born in Spain and held positions of power in the Latin colonies. They were
usually Viceroys representing the King. Peninsulars generally looked down on
the creoles. Creoles were Spaniards who were actually born in Latin America.
They were there for generations. They resented peninsulars as they hated being
ruled in their own land.
By the early 19th century, educated creoles started reading books of the
Enlightenment and Reason. Remember these philosophies said people should
choose their own form of government. The majority of Latin Americans didn’t
have time to talk politics. They were those of mixed races mestizos, mulattos,
and African slaves who worked the sugar and coffee fields. Native Americans
lived outside the edges of Latin society.
Crazy enough, the first war for
Independence in Latin American
was not started by creoles, but by
Africans! On the island of Saint Dominique, a French colony was home to
about 600,000 African slaves. They grew mostly sugar and tobacco.
In 1801, self-educated
African freedman Toussaint L’ Ouverture
led a small band of slave rebels to the hills. They later unleashed a rebellion
against their French slave owners. In 1804 former Slave General Dessalines,
declared independence for St Dominique. The island was to be called Haiti.
African slave rebels of Haiti were the first to achieve Independence in Latin
America. With little help from other nations however, and overwhelming debt,
Haiti remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America.
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Peninsulares
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Creoles
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Mestizos and Mulattos
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Toussant L’Ouverture
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The South American wars of independence rested on the achievements of two
brilliant creole generals. One was Simon Bolivar (see*MAWN boh*LEE*vahr), a
wealthy Venezuelan creole. The other great liberator was Jose de San Martin
(hoh*SAY day san mahr*TEEN), an Argentinian.
Bolivar's Route to Victory Simon Bolivar’s native Venezuela declared its inde-
pendence from Spain in 1811. But the struggle for independence had only begun.
Bolivar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice
Bolivar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August 1819. Bolivar led over
2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia.
(See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish
army in Bogota completely by surprise and won a decisive victory.
By 1821, Bolivar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into
Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolivar finally met Jose de San Martin. Together they would
decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement.
San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martin’s Argentina had
declared its independence in 1816. However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and
Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martin led an army on a grueling march
across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo
O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martin
finally freed Chile.
In 1821, San Martin planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima,
Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martin and Bolivar dis-
cussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822.
No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martin left his
army for Bolivar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolivar’s army
went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9,
1824. In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in
Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia,
Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.
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