3-15 m 3-16tue
The Cold War: Détente - The SALT Agreements, Ostpolitik and the Helsinki Accords - Episode 44 18 min
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THE COLD WAR - PART 9: Detente 10 min
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SOVIET POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CHINA (Pages 554–556) How did the Soviets keep control over Eastern Europe? Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader after Stalin died in 1953. Krushchev began a process of “destalinization.” This meant getting rid of Stalin’s memory. Krushchev also believed that the Soviet Union should have “peaceful competition” with the capitalist nations. In Eastern Europe, many people still resented Soviet rule. Eastern Europeans took part in protest movements against Soviet control. In 1956, protesters and the army overthrew the Communist government of Hungary. Khrushchev sent Soviet tanks to put the Communists back in power. In 1964, Leonid Brezhnev replaced Krushchev. When Czechoslovakians began to reform their Communist government in 1968, Brezhnev sent in tanks to stop them. The Soviets did not have the same control over their larger neighbor, China. Although the Soviet Union and China enjoyed friendly relations at first, they gradually grew apart. The split became so wide that the Soviet Union and China sometimes fought along their border. The two nations now have a peaceful relationship. Terms and Names Nikita Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin Leonid Brezhnev Soviet leader after Khrushchev John F. Kennedy President of the United States from 1961 to 1963 Lyndon Johnson President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 détente Policy to decrease tensions between the superpowers Richard M. Nixon President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 SALT Talks to limit nuclear arms in the United States and the Soviet Union Ronald Reagan President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 Before You Read In the last section, you read about Cold War struggles around the world. In this section, you will read about the major events of the Cold War from the 1950s to the 1980s. As You Read Use an outline to organize main ideas and details about the Cold War thaw.
1. In what two European countries did the Soviets put down revolts against Soviet control? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________
FROM BRINKMANSHIP TO DÉTENTE; THE COLLAPSE OF DÉTENTE (Pages 556–557) Did tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union change? Tensions between the Soviets and the United States had been very high during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. They remained high during the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. The war in Vietnam helped keep relations tense. In the early 1970s, the United States began to follow a policy called détente under President Richard M. Nixon. Détente was a policy of lowering tensions between the superpowers. Nixon made visits to both Communist China and the Soviet Union. In 1972, he and Brezhnev held meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT).They signed a treaty to limit the number of nuclear missiles each country could have. The United States retreated from détente when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. In 1981, Ronald Reagan, a fierce anti-Communist, became president. He proposed a costly antimissile defense system to protect America against Soviet missiles. It was never put into effect. But it remained a symbol of U.S. anti-Communist feelings. The Soviets grew angry over American support for the rebels fighting against the Communists in Nicaragua. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased until 1985 when a new leader came to power in the Soviet Union.
2. Name two actions or events that got in the way of détente. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________
3-17 wed 3-18 the
India-Pakistan partition explained 7 min
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Mahatma Gandhi – dying for freedom | DW Documentary 42 min
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A MOVEMENT TOWARD INDEPENDENCE (Page 563) What led to the movement for independence? Many Asians served in the armies of the colonial powers during World War II. The fight against the Nazis deepened Asians’ desire for independence. Japanese victories over European powers early in the war made Asians believe that the colonial rulers could be defeated. In Europe, people began to doubt that it was right for nations to have colonies.
1. Name two things that increased Asian hopes for independence. ______________________________
FREEDOM BRINGS TURMOIL (Pages 564–565) What divisions existed between Indian political groups? In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi led a movement for Indian independence. Two groups worked in this effort. The Indian National Congress, also called the Congress Party, said that it represented all of India. Most of its members were Hindu. Muhammad Ali Jinnah formed the Muslim League in 1906. He said that the Congress Party did not care for the rights of Indian Muslims. The British encouraged the division of Hindus and Muslims. This division helped the British keep control of the country. Terms and Names Congress Party Group consisting mostly of Hindus that led a campaign for India’s independence Muhammed Ali Jinnah Leader of the Muslim League Muslim League Muslim group that led a campaign for India’s independence partition Division of India into two nations Jawaharlal Nehru First prime minister of India Indira Gandhi Daughter of Nehru who followed him as prime minister Benazir Bhutto Former prime minister of Pakistan Before You Read In the last chapter, you read about the Cold War. In this section, you will read about changes in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. As You Read Use a time line to take notes on prominent Indian prime ministers from independence through the current day.
After World War II, Britain was ready for India to be independent. But the British did not know which people in India would take power. Riots broke out between the Hindus and Muslims throughout India. Gandhi tried to end the violence. A Hindu extremist assassinated him for protecting Muslims. Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last British viceroy of India, also tried to stop the violence. He finally accepted the idea that partition, or the division of India into two nations, was necessary. The British Parliament passed a law granting independence in July 1947. It created the separate Hindu and Muslim nations of India and Pakistan. The law gave people only one month to decide which country they wanted to live in and to move there. As millions of people began to move, more violence broke out.
2. What happened when the separate nations of India and Pakistan were created? ______________________________
MODERN INDIA (Pages 565–567) What problems has modern India faced? Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of India. He led the country for 17 years. India and Pakistan went to war over the state of Kashmir. Kashmir bordered both countries. It had a Hindu ruler and a large Muslim population. Conflict over Kashmir continues today. Nehru tried to reform Indian society. He hoped to improve the status of the lower castes and of women. Shortly after he died in 1964, his daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister. She took steps to increase food production. In 1984, she ordered an attack on Sikh rebels. A few months later, she was killed by Sikhs. She was followed by her son Rajiv Gandhi. He was later assassinated. Separatist movements continue to disrupt Indian society.
3. Why does conflict continue in Kashmir? _______________________________ PAKISTAN COPES WITH FREEDOM; BANGLADESH AND SRI LANKA STRUGGLE (Pages 567–569) How have new political divisions led to violence? Pakistan has faced a great deal of violence, too. When Pakistan was first formed, it had east and west parts that were separated by India. In a bloody fight in 1971, the eastern part won its independence. The new nation took the name Bangladesh. Power struggles have caused problems in the western part since then. Its leaders have included Ali Bhutto and his daughter, Benazir Bhutto. She was elected prime minister twice. Ceylon, an island on the southeastern coast of India, won its independence in 1947 as well. In 1972 it was renamed Sri Lanka. In 2009, a Hindu minority on the island—the Tamils—lost a civil war to form a separate nation.
4. Why has violence occurred in Pakistan? _______________________________
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