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Siam Becomes Thailand

The country was renamed on June 23rd, 1939.

Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 64 Issue 6 June 2014

Stamps commemorating King Rama VI (left) and King Rama IX (right).

People speaking one of the Tai group of languages settled in what is now Thailand around 1,000 years ago. The name Siam came from a Sanskrit word, syam. It was adopted by the Portuguese from the 16th century and became the accepted geographical term. Kingdoms rose and fell, but from the 1780s the Chakri dynasty ruled the whole of Siam from their capital at Bangkok. They extended their domain into parts of modern Laos, Cambodia and Malaya, but in the late 19th and early 20th centuries they were forced to surrender their territories there to the French. 

In 1927 a radical People’s Party was formed. One of its founders was an army officer called Phibun (in full, Luang Phibunsongkhram), who in 1932 helped to lead a coup against the Chakri king and set up a government closer to a western-style democracy, with a parliament. The monarchy survived, but in 1938 Phibun took charge as dictator. A forceful nationalist and moderniser, he changed the country’s name to Thailand. 

The change was part of Phibun’s determination to bring his people into the modern world and at the same time to emphasise their unique identity. It was an anti-Chinese move with the slogan ‘Thailand for the Thai’. There were many Chinese in the country and many prosperous Chinese businesses, but Phibun cut down immigration from China and government-backed Thai businesses were set up, while the use of Mandarin in Chinese schools was limited to two hours a week. Thailand adopted the western calendar, a new flag was created and a new national anthem, while Phibun demanded that Thais wore western-style clothes, including hats. 

Thailand was allied with Japan in the Second World War and Phibun was forced to resign in 1944, but he returned to power with military backing in 1948 and the army ran Thailand with support from the US. Phibun was finally ousted by rivals in 1957. He retreated to Japan and died there at the age of 66 in 1964.

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Terms and Names 

Pacific Rim Southeast Asian mainland and islands along the rim of the Pacific Ocean

 King Mongkut King who helped Siam modernize

 Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of Filipino nationalists

 annexation Adding of territory

 Queen Liliuokalani Last Hawaiian ruler of Hawaii 

Before You Read In the last section, you saw how the Indians reacted to imperialism. In this section, you will read about imperialism in Southeast Asia. As You Read Use a web diagram to identify a Western power and the areas it controlled.  

Imperialism in Southeast Asia EUROPEAN POWERS INVADE THE PACIFIC RIM (Pages 362–363) Which Western powers grabbed land in Southeast Asia? European nations also grabbed land in the Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia and the islands on the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The lands of Southeast Asia were perfect for plantation agriculture. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapples were important products. The Dutch controlled Indonesia. Many of the Dutch who moved to Indonesia thought of Indonesia as their home. They set up a class system that kept the Dutch at the top. Wealthy and educated Indonesians came next. Plantation workers were at the bottom. The Dutch forced farmers to use one-fifth of their land for export crops. The British took the port of Singapore plus Malaysia and Burma (modern Myanmar). They used Singapore as a base for trade. It became one of the world’s busiest ports. The British encouraged the Chinese to move to Malaysia. The Malaysians have become a minority in their own country. Tension between the Malays and the Chinese remains to this day. France grabbed Indochina (modern Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam). The French ruled Indochina directly and tried to push French culture on the Indochinese. The French did not encourage industry. Rice became a major crop. Although the Vietnamese grew more rice than before, they ate less of it because so much rice was sent out of the region. This problem set the stage for Vietnamese resistance to French rule. Colonialism brought some features of modern life to these regions. But economic change benefited Europeans more than the local people. Even so, schooling, health, and sanitation were improved. Millions of people migrated to new regions of Southeast Asia. But the mix of cultures did not always go smoothly. Even today, some conflict between groups results from this period. 

 1. What major problems did colonialism bring? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 

SIAM REMAINS INDEPENDENT (Pages 363–364) How did imperialism affect Siam? One land—Siam (modern Thailand)— stayed independent. Siam was surrounded by lands taken by the French and British. The French and British did not want the other to control Siam. The Siamese kings played the French and British against one another to remain free of both nations. King Mongkut and his son modernized Siam. They started schools and reformed the government. They also built railroads and telegraph lines and ended slavery. These changes happened with little social turmoil. 

2. How did Siam confront imperialism? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 

U.S. IMPERIALISM IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS (Pages 364–365) What lands did the United States acquire? In the late 1800s, the United States also began to seek colonies. After the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, the United States took control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo fought against the Americans for their freedom. The United States defeated the rebels but promised to give the Philippines self-rule later. In the meantime, American businesses took advantage of Filipino workers. American businessmen grew wealthy from sugar plantations in Hawaii. But they wanted to make more money. They also asked for the annexation, or addition, of Hawaii to the United States. That way they would get more money when they sold sugar in the United States. The American businessmen had a great deal of power in Hawaii. In the 1890s, Queen Liliuokalani tried to regain control of her country for the Hawaiian people. The American businessmen overthrew her. They declared a republic. In 1898, it became a territory of the United States. 

3. What happened in the Philippines? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 

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